human tgf β2  (MedChemExpress)

Journal: Cyborg and Bionic Systems

Article Title: Bioinspired Nanocomposite for Targeted Immunoengineering and Improved Tendon Regeneration

doi: 10.34133/cbsystems.0503

Figure Lengend Snippet: KGN@PB@CM modulates macrophage polarization and restores immune homeostasis in vitro. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing iNOS (M1 marker, red) expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages under different treatment conditions. DAPI (blue) was used for nuclear staining. (B) Quantitative analysis of iNOS fluorescence intensity. (C) Representative dual-staining images for CD206 (M2 marker, green) and F4/80 (pan-macrophage marker, red). (D) Quantification of CD86 (M1 marker) fluorescence intensity. (E) Representative immunofluorescence images showing CD206 + F4/80 + macrophages in different groups. (F) Quantitative analysis of CD206 fluorescence intensity. (G to L) RT-qPCR analysis of M1-related genes ( iNOS , CD86 , TNF-α , and IL-6 ) and M2-related genes ( Arg-1 , CD206 , and IL-10 ) in different treatment groups. (M to Q) ELISA results showing the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β1 in macrophage supernatants. Data are presented as means ± SD, n = 5; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, and **** P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and TGF-β1 levels were assessed by ELISA kits (MULTI SCIENCES, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: In Vitro, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Expressing, Staining, Fluorescence, Quantitative RT-PCR, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF)-CD74 Signaling Pathway Mediates Trabecular Meshwork Dysfunction in Glaucoma

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.18.712673

Figure Lengend Snippet: Wild-type C57BL/6 mice (n=12/group) were injected intravitreally with either LV-TGF-β2 or LV-null vectors. ( A ) Weekly IOP measurements demonstrate significant and sustained IOP elevation in LV-TGF-β2-injected mice compared with LV-null controls. ( B ) Immunofluorescence staining of anterior segment cross-sections for α-SMA and MIF shows co-localization of MIF with the TM marker α-SMA, indicating increased MIF expression in the TM of LV-TGF-β2 injected mice. ( C-E ) qPCR ( C ) and western blot ( D, E ) analyses of anterior segment tissues show upregulation of MIF and CD74 accompanied by suppression of Blimp-1 in LV-TGF-β2-injected mice. Increased expression of profibrotic markers, including α-SMA, Fn-1, and MYOC, was also evident in LV-TGF-β2-injected mice. Western blot bands were quantified by densitometric analysis using ImageJ and normalized to the housekeeping control β-actin, and protein levels are presented as relative expression (AU) ( E ). Data represent mean ± SD. **p<0.005, ***p<0.0005, and ****p<0.0001. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test (A), unpaired t-test (C, E).

Article Snippet: Recombinant human TGF-β2 (302-B2-010/CF) protein was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: Injection, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Marker, Expressing, Western Blot, Control, Comparison

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF)-CD74 Signaling Pathway Mediates Trabecular Meshwork Dysfunction in Glaucoma

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.18.712673

Figure Lengend Snippet: Primary HTMCs (n=3) were challenged with TGF-β2 (10ng/mL), rMIF (100ng/mL), or pro-inflammatory cytokine pool (CP; TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 100ng/mL) for 24h. (A) qPCR analysis shows significant upregulation of MIF and CD74 transcripts accompanied by reduced Blimp-1 expression in response to glaucomatous stressors. ( B ) Immunofluorescence staining demonstrates increased MIF expression following TGF-β2 or CP treatment. (C) Western blot analysis confirms induction of MIF and CD74 with concurrent suppression of Blimp-1 at the protein level. Data represent mean ± SD. **p<0.005, ***p<0.0005, and ***p<0.0001, One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human TGF-β2 (302-B2-010/CF) protein was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Western Blot, Comparison

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF)-CD74 Signaling Pathway Mediates Trabecular Meshwork Dysfunction in Glaucoma

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.18.712673

Figure Lengend Snippet: Primary HTMCs (n=3) were challenged with rMIF (100 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of MIF inhibitor 4-IPP (100µM) or the metabolites Agm or Thia (100 ng/mL) for 24h. Cells treated with TGF-β2 (10ng/mL) served as a positive control. (A-B) Western blot analysis confirms activation of the RhoA/ROCK/pMLC signaling pathway in response to MIF treatment, which is significantly attenuated by MIF inhibition with 4-IPP, Agm, or Thia ( A ). Western blot bands were quantified by densitometric analysis using ImageJ and normalized to the housekeeping control β-actin, and protein levels are presented as relative expression (AU) ( B ). (C) Immunofluorescence analysis shows that MIF induces pMLC staining, comparable to that observed with TGF-β2 stimulation, which is significantly attenuated by MIF inhibition with 4-IPP, Agm, or Thia. Data represent mean ± SD. *p<0.05, **p<0.005, ***p<0.0005, and ****p<0.0001, One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human TGF-β2 (302-B2-010/CF) protein was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: Positive Control, Western Blot, Activation Assay, Inhibition, Control, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Comparison

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF)-CD74 Signaling Pathway Mediates Trabecular Meshwork Dysfunction in Glaucoma

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.18.712673

Figure Lengend Snippet: OHT was induced in WT C57BL/6 mice (n=12) by intravitreal injection of LV-TGF-β2. LV-null-injected mcie served as controls. Following OHT induction, extracellular vesicle-loaded agmatine (EV-Agm; 0.1 µg/eye) was applied topically once daily. (A) Weekly IOP measurements over 9 weeks show that EV-Agm treatment significantly reduces IOP compared with untreated LV-TGF-β2-injected mice. (B) qPCR analysis of anterior segment tissue demonstrates that EV-Agm significantly reduces expression of Mif, Cd74, pro-inflammatory cytokines ( Il-1 β , Il-6 ), and cytoskeletal/ECM markers (α -Sma, Myoc, Fn-1 ), while restoring Blimp-1 expression compared with untreated LV-TGF-β2-injected mice. *p<0.05, **p<0.005, ###,***p<0.0005, and ####,****p<0.0001. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison (A), one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison (B). In panel A, * denotes LV-null vs. LV-TGF-β2, and # denotes LV-TGF-β2 vs. LV-TGF-β2+EV-Agm comparisons.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human TGF-β2 (302-B2-010/CF) protein was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN).

Techniques: Injection, Expressing, Comparison